To this end, we have performed a literature search using MEDLINE PubMed with different combinations of the following search terms: “ENPP1”, “NPP1”, “PC-1”, “TRIB3” “TRB3” “NIPK”, “LAR”, “PTPRF”, “R2A PTP”, “PTP1B”, “PTPN1”, “PTPN11”, “SHIP-2” “INPPL1”, “genetics of insulin resistance”, “genetics of type 2 diabetes”, “genetics of cardiovascular disease”, “genetics of metabolic syndrome”, “diabetes”, “variant”, “polymorphism”, and “genotype”. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is metabolic syndrome.