The reliability of this method was established by documenting the protective effect of bufalin on the Na+-K+-ATPase and rapamycin on FKBP12 protein; (b) the in vitro assay showed that bufalin could significantly inhibit the PARP1 activity in a dose-dependent manner; (c) consistent with its inhibitory activity in vitro, bufalin significantly inhibited PAR accumulation in MM induced by topotecan, a drug that damages DNA. Here, FKBP1A is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.