After 72 hours of stimulation with 10 ng/ml TGF-β1, the FBLN-1 was significantly up regulated in both COPD (p<0.001, n = 8) and non-COPD (p<0.05, n = 7) ASM cells, and there was no difference between the COPD and non-COPD groups in the fold change of cellular FBLN-1 induced by TGF-β1 (Fig. 1B, 1C). This evidence concerns the gene FBLN1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.