Of the original 30 immune cytokine/chemokine/growth factor targets assayed by Luminex, levels of 21 targets were above the detection limit in the lung cancer patients’ plasma samples (Table 1), while expression levels of 9 targets (Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, IL17, Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor, Interferon gamma) were below the detection limit in both the preoperative and postoperative samples (data not shown). Here, CSF2 is linked to lung cancer.