VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Moreover, levels of serum glucose, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α), endothelial dysfunction markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and nitric oxide), and lipid abnormality were highest in T2DM with cardiovascular complications [14].