HMGB1 and Sepsis: It has been recently found that dexmedetomidine reduces systemic levels of interleukin- 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) following lipopolysaccharide infusion or sepsis in animals, indicating its anti-inflammatory effects against renal I/R injury [14].