Previous studies have shown an independent positive association between OPG and carotid IMT in non-renal patients, such as healthy post-menopausal women [46], women with previous gestational diabetes [47], subjects older than 55 [48], and males with type 2 diabetes [49], but not patients with acute or chronic coronary artery disease [50]. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF11B and gestational diabetes.