CD40 and infection: (5) During pathogen infections, multiple TRAF-dependent signaling pathways are triggered either sequentially or simultaneously, including innate immune receptors (such as TLRs, NLRs and RLRs), adaptive immune receptors (such as TCR, CD40, OX-40 and 4-1BB), and cytokine receptors (such as IL-1R, IL-17R, IFN-Rs, and TβRs).