BRAF and neoplasm: In order to reverse immunosuppression in tumor-bearing hosts, we have evaluated signal inhibition at upstream molecules, such as BRAF-MAPK, STAT3, and Wnt/β-catenin (Sumimoto et al., 2006; Iwata-Kajihara et al., 2011; Yaguchi et al., 2012) (Figure 2).