HSPA5 and Hypoglycemia: It is important to consider that VCD (and all other purported GRP78 downregulators of this group) was identified as an inhibitor of GRP78 transcription (i.e., via the inhibition of a hypoglycemia-stimulated GRP78 promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid), and that this inhibitory effect is specific for hypoglycemia and does not take place when GRP78 transcription is stimulated by other types of ER stress.