TSC1 and tuberous sclerosis: To reproduce experimentally TSC, different CNS-restricted conditional knockout murine models have been generated, by causing loss of either Tsc1 or Tsc2 in differentiating or differentiated neuronal cells (Tsc1c/c/Syn-Cre+ and Tsc1c/c/CaMKII-Cre+ mice) (Meikle et al., 2007; Ehninger et al., 2008) or in differentiated astrocytes [Tsc1c/c/hGFAP2.2kb (also known as Tsc1c/c/hGFAP1-Cre+) and Tsc2c/c/hGFAP2.2kb (also known as Tsc2c/c/hGFAP1-Cre+) mice] (Uhlmann et al., 2002a; Zeng et al., 2011).