NFKB1 and cancer: Another pro-inflammatory pathway that can be downregulated by pomegranate administration is NF-κB. Constitutive activation of NF-κB has been identified in some cancer cell lines [104], thus leading to inflammation and cell proliferation by the upregulating the transcription of collagenase, cell adhesion molecules, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 [105].