TNF and chronic kidney disease: Since adipose tissue and indwelling macrophages are major contributors to circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory adipokines leptin, resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6 amongst others [23], and truncal fat mass is associated with increased levels of inflammation in ESRD [111], it is intuitive to suggest a successful reduction in fat-mass and shift in body composition would have anti-inflammatory benefits in CKD patients; further research is required in this area.