Furthermore, a review of all the published genetic studies and available data on T1D, T2D and T2D-related traits indicated that the orientation of association is concordant between all these traits (C. Julier, unpublished observations), with the same allele associated with increased risk of T1D, increased risk of T2D, increased fasting glucose, decreased fasting insulin level, decreased HOMA-B and glucose stimulated insulin release (nominal P-values for association with these traits <10−3[4], [5]), suggesting the role of a shared mechanism between both forms of diabetes. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.