AR and neoplasm: These include low levels of androgens remaining in the tumor tissue despite hormone ablation, which may in part result from in situ steroidogenesis [3], mutations in the AR gene, broadening the ligand binding spectrum of the receptor [4–6], AR overexpression [7], altered expression of co-regulatory molecules [8] and, finally, crosstalk with other intracellular signaling pathways [9–11].