In cervical cancer cells, the introduction of TGF-β1 in the culture medium induced crisis, which was associated with massive chromosomal end-to-end fusions and other structural aberrations, suggesting an involvement of telomere function in TGF-β-mediated CIN (Deng et al., 2008). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.