VIP and graft versus host disease: Culturing murine bone marrow with VIP generates tolerogenic DC that, when adoptively transferred into recipient mice, prevent lethal inflammatory responses to LPS and graft versus host disease (GvHD) [37], and parental administration of VIP generates Treg cells in vivo that suppress immune responses [38] and inhibit function of DC by down-regulating expression of CD80/86 in inflammation [39].