APP and Alzheimer disease: Conditions of copper deficiency, such as that found in brain tissues from AD patients and transgenic mouse models promote amyloidogenic processing of APP (Deibel et al., 1996; Maynard et al., 2002, 2006; Bayer et al., 2003; Phinney et al., 2003; Magaki et al., 2007; Cater et al., 2008) in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts (Hung et al., 2009) (Figure 2).