BDNF and Atrophy: Furthermore, beyond 12 months of age AβPP-PS1 mice display more progressive AD-like pathology including increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and lower norepinephrine, serotonin and acetylcholine levels [122], [123], hippocampal atrophy and a reduced amount of glucose-transporter type-1 [124], increased amount of presynaptic boutons [42], and a decrease in CBV [125].