SEPTIN5 and neurodegenerative disease: It has been shown that MC-LR (see Figure 3) treated hippocampi showed alterations in proteins involved in cytoskeleton, neurodegenerative disease, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and energy metabolism; three proteins related to neurodegenerative disease, septin5,  α-internexin, and  α-synuclein, were identified to be altered by MC-LR exposure.