GCLM and neurodegenerative disease: It has been shown that curcumin activated NRF2 in several cell types [21, 32, 38] and exerted a cytoprotective effect through transcriptional induction of phase II enzymes, such as glutathione transferase, NQO1, HMOX-1, GCLC, and GCLM in certain human cancers, skin lesions, and neurodegenerative diseases [39, 40].