More prolonged sampling of a subgroup of patients receiving MSH/ACTH and vasopressin intranasally found that levels of these neuropeptides in the CSF remained above that of placebos (administered intranasal saline) at 100 to 120 minutes after administration and the authors believed that intranasal administration of neuropeptides could be useful for the treatment of brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and obesity. Here, POMC is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.