This review discusses the shortcomings of the PSA test with regard to these ideals, and summarizes the most promising emerging biomarkers for PCa and the need to develop a test for PCa that can distinguish between healthy patients, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), clinically insignificant cancer (indolent PCa) and clinically significant PCa (re-occurring metastatic, and castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)). The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is posterior cortical atrophy.