GYPE and infection: While other studies have found HS as necessary for DV binding and infection (Germi et al., 2002; Hilgard and Stockert, 2000; Martinez-Barragan and del Angel, 2001; Okamoto et al., 2011; Prestwood et al., 2008; Thaisomboonsuk et al., 2005; Thepparit et al., 2004), a few studies have shown that heparin and highly sulfated HS, but not unmodified HS, are able to bind DV/gpE and/or inhibit infection (Chen et al., 1997; Marks et al., 2001; Okamoto et al., 2011).