ACE and congestive heart failure: CHF patients from HMPC had almost 70% lower odds of being treated with ACE inhibitors, 50% lower odds when it came to beta-blockers, a ≈ 40% lower odds of having their creatinine, Na and K checked, and ≈ 30% lower odds of undergoing echocardiography, while CHF patients from HDC did not differ from Italian citizens in their adherence to disease management programs.