Pathway analysis showed that changes in Rho GTPase pathways were solely observed in the immortalized cells and HPV+ tumor cells: ‘RhoGDI Signaling’ in both HPV+ cells; ‘Rac Signaling’ in SiHa cells; ‘RhoA Signaling’ , ‘Regulation of Actin-based Motility by Rho’, and ‘Signaling by Rho Family GTPases’ in HeLa cells; and ‘Cdc42 Signaling’ in HaCaT (Additional file 3: Table S1). Here, CDC42 is linked to neoplasm.