CCL2 and Alzheimer disease: This neuroinflammatory component of AD is further characterized by release of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNFα and S100β, activation of the complement cascade, induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and production of ROS [12].