A study by Cseh et al. observed significantly decreased plasma adiponectin levels in 30 women with GDM, compared with 40 nondiabetic pregnant women; they reported that plasma adiponectin levels had a negative linear correlation with serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), leptin, fasting C-peptide concentration, BMI, and fasting C-peptide/blood glucose ratio (which was used as an indirect parameter of insulin resistance) [50]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Insulin resistance.