ALDH2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It is also known that other extrahepatic tissues can be negatively affected or damaged by the combination of environmental factors (e.g., excessive amounts of alcohol consumption, smoking, drugs, and abused substances) and genetic factors (e.g., variations in disease susceptible genes such as a dominant negative mutation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene, frequently found in many East Asians [22–25], diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases) (Figure 1).