TNF-α and interleukin 1beta (IL-1β) exert neurotoxicity in cerebral ischemia in the presence of elevated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while in the absence of iNOS, both cytokines appear to contribute to neuroprotection and plasticity, highlighting the role of the context [32]. The gene discussed is NOS2; the disease is Cerebral ischemia.