Thus, in the present study we show (i) an association between high TXNIP mRNA expression in bone and high levels of glucose and insulin, increased insulin resistance, and decreased insulin sensitivity in CS patients; (ii) that decreased TXNIP levels in osteoblasts enhanced their OC response to insulin and glucose and down-regulated IL-8 levels in these cells; and that (iii) conditional media from siTXNIP-treated osteoblasts promoted insulin content and anti-inflammatory responses in human islets cells. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Cowden syndrome 1.