The complex roles of JNK1/2 for acute brain injury have been investigated in models of subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient focal cerebral ischemia: Inhibition of JNK1/2 protects against mitochondrial apoptosis, reduces MMP-9 levels, inhibits BBB disruption, and reduces edema formation [57], [58]. The gene discussed is MMP9; the disease is subarachnoid hemorrhage.