TLR4 and infectious otitis media: In mice treated with AOM and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), we found a significant increase in crypt epithelial cells with phosphorylated β-cateninSer552 in non-dysplastic colonic epithelium of villin-TLR4 mice compared to wild-type mice (VTLR4: 87.6±6.9, n = 10; vs WT: 54.8±3.9, n = 8; *p = 0.0014) (Figure 5e, f).