VCL and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: Human heart diseases attributed to intercalated disc dysfunction include arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in D proteins (e.g. Desmoplakin, Plakophilin-2, and Desmoglein-2) [9], and hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy caused by a missense mutation in the integrin-binding adhesion protein, Vinculin [10].