Moreover, mechanistic studies of GSE, at various stages of CRC development, identified apoptosis induction as the major factor in the chemopreventive efficacy of GSE against CRC; specifically it induces caspase-3, -8, -9 resulting in the cleavage of PARP, DNA fragmentation, and PCD (Derry et al., 2012). The gene discussed is CASP3; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.