TLR4 and hyperinsulinism: While bone-marrow transplant studies indicate that TLR4 in the hematopoietic system opposed to the non-hematopoietic system may be responsible for TLR4 mediated IR during HFD wherein TLR4 chimeric mice exhibit reduced hyperinsulinemia, hepatic, and WAT IR (Saberi et al., 2009).