TNF and Alzheimer disease: The cerebrovasculature is likely an active participant in neuroinflammation as a large number of inflammatory proteins including thrombin, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα ), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are over expressed in AD-derived vessels compared to vessels from age-matched controls (Grammas and Ovase, 2001; Grammas et al., 2006, 2011; Thirumangalakudi et al., 2006).