Interestingly, in rats, administration of BDNF shortly after ischemic stroke increased brain levels of the neurotrophin and prevented neuronal loss and motor deficits that would have otherwise occurred, an effect that was mediated by the up-regulated IL-10 and down-regulated TNF-α expression elicited by the neurotrophin (Jiang et al., 2010, 2011). Here, BDNF is linked to ischemic stroke.