In addition, Schwarz et al. (69) tested the effects of MCP-1 on angiogenesis (newly developed capillaries) and arteriogenesis (the development of functionally active arterioles from pre-existing blood vessels) in a chronic MI rat model; they showed that an intramyocardial injection of recombinant MCP-1 into the infarct border zone induces monocyte infiltration and angiogenesis but not arteriogenesis in the infarcted heart. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and myocardial infarction.