CCL2 and diabetes mellitus: In the retina, it was shown that diabetes activates induction of proinflammatory mediators such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [8], interleukin-6 (IL-6) [9], intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) [10], inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [11], tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [12], and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) [13].