TNF and diabetes mellitus: NF-κB has been localized to the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cells of the retina [44], and NF-κB-regulated inflammatory gene products are reported to be upregulated in the retinas during diabetes such as cyclooxygenase-2 [45, 46], iNOS (45,47), ICAM-1 [47, 48], and TNF-α [49].