Importantly, the elevated plasma concentrations of HO-1 in pulmonary TB patients returned to background levels (i.e., not significantly different from healthy controls) following successful anti-tuberculous chemotherapy (n = 33) (P<0.001; Figure 1E) but were not significantly altered in the small subset of patients (n = 5) who failed treatment as defined by positive sputum cultures at the end of the course of drug therapy. Here, HMOX1 is linked to pulmonary tuberculosis.