TNF and inflammation: In this experiment, 200 ng of IT IL-6 or vehicle (IT 0.1% BSA) was administered 30 minutes prior to AKI induction, IP endotoxin administration, or IT endotoxin administration and BAL fluid cytokines (IL-6, CXCL-1, TNF-α and IL-1β), lung inflammation (lung IL-6, CXCL-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MPO activity) and serum cytokines (IL-6, CXCL-1, TNF-α and IL-1β) were determined 4 hours post-procedure.