INS and Insulin resistance: Post-operatively, there was a significant reduction in insulin (p = 0.0042), fasting glucose (p = 0.0312), and hemoglobin A1c (p < 0.0071) and an improvement in pancreatic beta-cell function (homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function; p < 0.01) and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; p = 0.0023).