SMAD3 and asthma: In the case of asthma, the EU GABRIEL collaboration reported highly significant genome-wide associations with loci on chromosomes-17 (ORMDL3/GSDMB), -2 (IL1RL1/IL18R, -6 (HLA-DQ gene cluster), -9 (IL33), -15 (SMAD3) and -22 (IL2RB) that is claimed to account for up to 50% of asthma risk across the life course [109].