During ischemia, cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and chemokines such as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) and MCP-1 are produced by a variety of activated cell types, including endothelial cells, microglia, astrocytes and neurons [46]. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is ischemia.