TNF and leishmaniasis: In regard to leishmaniasis, IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by T cells (e.g., IL-2), monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells (e.g., IL-1α and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) as well as the production of NO and H2O2 ultimately favoring parasitic survival[32,33].