In addition, the cytokine IL-23α which promotes tumor incidence and growth [46] and is highly produced in H. pylori colonized mucosa [47] was up-regulated along with, IL-11 which is a parietal cell cytokine that blocks gastric acid secretion, promotes atrophic gastritis and gastric tumorigenesis [48], [49]. Here, IL11 is linked to chronic atrophic gastritis.