VEGFA and infection: Among these were several cytokines previously identified in H. pylori mediated infections, such as IL-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), both associated with angiogenesis and with advanced gastric cancer, IL-1ß which is a powerful inhibitor of acid secretion, and also TNF-α, a regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis [43]–[45].