BRAF and melanoma: Of these driver genes, NRAS is mutated in 13–25% of melanoma cases (Goel et al., 2006; Schubbert, Shannon & Bollag, 2007), while BRAF (located downstream of NRAS), is mutated in up to 45% of malignant melanomas (Hocker & Tsao, 2007; Flaherty & McArthur, 2010).