First, a considerable number of novel genes (e.g., GTAG1A/1B/2, GAGE1-8/12B-J, XAGE1A-E, IL8, IGF2/INS-IGF2, SHC4, LEP, TF, CYP3A5, TP63 and GBP5) revealed by our method were not identified as significant genes in the previous 16 melanoma microarray studies published between 2000 and 2011, but have still been confirmed as melanoma-associated by independent ‘wet-lab’ studies in the literature (Table S4). Here, GBP5 is linked to melanoma.