Augmentation of a cluster of Th17/Th1 proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines including CXCL8, G-CSF and GMCSF appeared to be characteristic of NMO/NMOSD inflammation, which may contribute to the mobilization of neutrophils into the CNS and the subsequent tissue destruction in NMO [36]. Here, CSF2 is linked to neuromyelitis optica.