Although in the present study we did not demonstrate how CRS increases ROS thereafter mediate SP expression, according to well established stress-response theory, we reasonably speculate CRS increase stress-induced hormones through classic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and these hormones could stimulate ROS generation [58], thereafter to affect SP expression in peripheral nerves. The gene discussed is TFF2; the disease is congenital rubella syndrome.